The history of philosophy notes #2 - Socrates and Plato gets to Forms

Charmides is a dialogue that explores the concept of temperance (self-control or moderation). Socrates engages with the young and beautiful Charmides, attempting to define temperance. Various definitions are proposed, such as temperance being quietness, modesty, or doing one's own business, but Socrates refutes each one. The dialogue ultimately suggests that true temperance involves self-knowledge, but it ends inconclusively, highlighting the complexity of defining virtue.

Euthydemus is a satirical dialogue that contrasts Socratic argumentation with the methods of the Sophists, represented by the brothers Euthydemus and Dionysodorus. The dialogue showcases the logical fallacies and deceptive arguments used by the Sophists, emphasizing the difference between genuine philosophical inquiry and mere rhetorical skill. Socrates demonstrates that true wisdom involves seeking knowledge and understanding, rather than winning arguments through trickery.

Gorgias is a dialogue that examines the nature of rhetoric and its relationship to virtue. Socrates debates with the rhetorician Gorgias, his student Polus, and the politician Callicles. The dialogue explores themes such as the distinction between true and false arts, the nature of power, and the concept of justice. Socrates argues that rhetoric, as practiced by the Sophists, is a form of flattery that lacks genuine knowledge. He asserts that true power lies in self-control and justice, rather than in the ability to persuade others.

Meno is a dialogue that investigates the nature of virtue and whether it can be taught. Socrates and Meno discuss various definitions of virtue, but none prove satisfactory. The dialogue introduces the concept of anamnesis (recollection), suggesting that the soul is immortal and possesses innate knowledge. Socrates demonstrates this idea by guiding Meno's slave to solve a geometric problem through questioning. The dialogue ends in aporia (puzzlement), with no definitive answer to the nature of virtue.

Theaetetus is a dialogue that explores the nature of knowledge. Socrates engages with the young mathematician Theaetetus, examining three definitions of knowledge: knowledge as perception, knowledge as true judgment, and knowledge as true judgment with an account. Each definition is found to be inadequate, and the dialogue concludes without a clear resolution. The discussion highlights the challenges of defining knowledge and the importance of philosophical inquiry.

Phaedo is a dialogue that recounts the final hours of Socrates' life and his arguments for the immortality of the soul. Socrates presents four arguments: the Argument from Opposites, the Theory of Recollection, the Argument from Affinity, and the Argument from the Forms. He asserts that the soul is immortal and that true philosophers should look forward to death as a release from the body. The dialogue ends with Socrates' calm acceptance of his fate and his final moments before drinking the hemlock.